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Author: James C. Riley Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521802451 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Between 1800 and 2000 life expectancy at birth rose from about 30 years to a global average of 67 years, and to more than 75 years in favored countries. This dramatic change was called a health transition, characterized by a transition both in how long people expected to live, and how they expected to die. Rising Life Expectancy examines the way humans reduced risks to their survival, both regionally and globally, to promote world population growth and population aging.
Author: James C. Riley Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521802451 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Between 1800 and 2000 life expectancy at birth rose from about 30 years to a global average of 67 years, and to more than 75 years in favored countries. This dramatic change was called a health transition, characterized by a transition both in how long people expected to live, and how they expected to die. Rising Life Expectancy examines the way humans reduced risks to their survival, both regionally and globally, to promote world population growth and population aging.
Author: Kathleen Mullan Harris Publisher: ISBN: 9780309684743 Category : Electronic books Languages : en Pages : 570
Book Description
The past century has witnessed remarkable advances in life expectancy in the United States and throughout the world. In 2010, however, progress in life expectancy in the United States began to stall, despite continuing to increase in other high-income countries. Alarmingly, U.S. life expectancy fell between 2014 and 2015 and continued to decline through 2017, the longest sustained decline in life expectancy in a century (since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919). The recent decline in U.S. life expectancy appears to have been the product of two trends: (1) an increase in mortality among middle-aged and younger adults, defined as those aged 25-64 years (i.e., "working age"), which began in the 1990s for several specific causes of death (e.g., drug- and alcohol-related causes and suicide); and (2) a slowing of declines in working-age mortality due to other causes of death (mainly cardiovascular diseases) after 2010. High and Rising Mortality Rates among Working Age Adults highlights the crisis of rising premature mortality that threatens the future of the nation's families, communities, and national wellbeing. This report identifies the key drivers of increasing death rates and disparities in working-age mortality over the period 1990 to 2017; elucidates modifiable risk factors that could alleviate poor health in the working-age population, as well as widening health inequalities; identifies key knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research and data collection to fill those gaps; and explores potential policy implications. After a comprehensive analysis of the trends in working-age mortality by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geography using the most up-to-date data, this report then looks upstream to the macrostructural factors (e.g., public policies, macroeconomic trends, social and economic inequality, technology) and social determinants (e.g., socioeconomic status, environment, social networks) that may affect the health of working-age Americans in multiple ways and through multiple pathways.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030931710X Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 182
Book Description
The U.S. population is aging. Social Security projections suggest that between 2013 and 2050, the population aged 65 and over will almost double, from 45 million to 86 million. One key driver of population aging is ongoing increases in life expectancy. Average U.S. life expectancy was 67 years for males and 73 years for females five decades ago; the averages are now 76 and 81, respectively. It has long been the case that better-educated, higher-income people enjoy longer life expectancies than less-educated, lower-income people. The causes include early life conditions, behavioral factors (such as nutrition, exercise, and smoking behaviors), stress, and access to health care services, all of which can vary across education and income. Our major entitlement programs - Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income - have come to deliver disproportionately larger lifetime benefits to higher-income people because, on average, they are increasingly collecting those benefits over more years than others. This report studies the impact the growing gap in life expectancy has on the present value of lifetime benefits that people with higher or lower earnings will receive from major entitlement programs. The analysis presented in The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income goes beyond an examination of the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive estimates of how lifetime benefits are affected by the changing distribution of life expectancy. The report also explores, from a lifetime benefit perspective, how the growing gap in longevity affects traditional policy analyses of reforms to the nation's leading entitlement programs. This in-depth analysis of the economic impacts of the longevity gap will inform debate and assist decision makers, economists, and researchers.
Author: Johan P. Mackenbach Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9004429131 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 442
Book Description
Winner of the 2021 Choice Outstanding Academic Title Award In A History of Population Health Johan P. Mackenbach offers a broad-sweeping study of the spectacular changes in people’s health in Europe since the early 18th century. Most of the 40 specific diseases covered in this book show a fascinating pattern of ‘rise-and-fall’, with large differences in timing between countries. Using a unique collection of historical data and bringing together insights from demography, economics, sociology, political science, medicine, epidemiology and general history, it shows that these changes and variations did not occur spontaneously, but were mostly man-made. Throughout European history, changes in health and longevity were therefore closely related to economic, social, and political conditions, with public health and medical care both making important contributions to population health improvement. Readers who would like to have a closer look at the quantitative data used in the trend graphs included in the book can find these it here.
Author: OECD Publisher: OECD Publishing ISBN: 9264303359 Category : Languages : en Pages : 212
Book Description
Health at a Glance: Europe 2018 presents comparative analyses of the health status of EU citizens and the performance of the health systems of the 28 EU Member States, 5 candidate countries and 3 EFTA countries.
Author: Philippe Aghion Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444520414 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 1139
Book Description
Featuring survey articles by leading economists working on growth theory, this two-volume set covers theories of economic growth, the empirics of economic growth, and growth policies and mechanisms. It also covers technology, trade and geography, and growth and socio-economic development.
Author: Pensions Commission Publisher: The Stationery Office ISBN: 0117036021 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 476
Book Description
The Pensions Commission is an independent body established by the Government to review the adequacy of current arrangements for private pensions and retirement savings in the UK and to make recommendations on appropriate policy changes, including the option of moving to a compulsory system. Following on from its first report (ISBN 0117027804) published in October 2004, this second report sets out the Commission's conclusions on the likely evolution of the UK pension system if policy is unchanged, and makes recommendations for a new policy direction. Recommendations are based on two key elements: the automatic enrolment of employees into either a new National Pensions Savings System or into existing company pension schemes, with an option for employees to opt-out, and with a modest compulsory employer matching contribution; and reform of state pension provision in order to make it simpler to understand and less means-tested. The Commission concludes that these reforms will require some increase in public expenditure on pensions as a percentage of GDP over the next 45 years, and that increases in state pension ages will be needed to keep that increase within sustainable levels over the long term. The Commission presents a range of possible combinations of public expenditure and state pensions ages, and calls for a public debate to consider these options. It also recommends the establishment of a successor body to continue to review the situation and report to Parliament and government every four years.
Author: Birgit Mattil Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9783790816754 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
Recently, policy debate and comparative research on old-age pensions have focused on the financial sustainability of pension systems in the face of demographic change. This study, however, also takes into account distributional effects involved in pension system structures. Theoretical, institutional and empirical analyses are combined to form a comprehensive framework for evaluating financial sustainability and distributional effects of the pension systems implemented in Germany and the United Kingdom. Along with projections of demographic trends and future public pension expenditure, the empirical results on old-age incomes and their distribution allow for identifying a number of reform options for each pension system to improve their financial or distributional results.
Author: James C. Riley
Author: James C. Riley
Author: James C. Riley
Author: Kathleen Mullan Harris
Author: Tommy Bengtsson
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Johan P. Mackenbach
Author: OECD
Author: Philippe Aghion
Author: Pensions Commission
Author: Birgit Mattil