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Author: Andrew Michael Dzambo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Stratocumulus (StCu) clouds cover a majority of the Earth's subtropical oceanic basins, and play an important role in the global energy balance. Cloud and precipitation processes in StCu are complex, and aerosol effects add further complexity to the cloud-precipitation-climate paradigm, where these interactions are among the most widely uncertain processes in present-day climate models. The NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign between 2016-18 observed cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean. One of the 20+ instruments deployed during ORACLES was the Airborne Precipitation Radar - 3rd Generation (APR-3). The APR-3 collected over 18 million profiles during the three deployments. A precipitation retrieval algorithm (called 2C-RAIN) was adapted from the CloudSat 2C-RAIN-PROFILE precipitation retrieval algorithm to meet ORACLES science objectives. The majority of 2C-RAIN precipitation rates were under 0.01 mm/hr (0.25 mm/day). The sampling environments were considerably different in 2016 compared to 2017 and 2018, necessitating further investigation accounting for environmental controls. Cloud water path (CWP) retrievals were added to the 2C-RAIN algorithm. This retrieval expanded the utility of APR-3 measurements by collocating cloud and precipitation properties (namely CWP and RWP) for the investigation of aerosol indirect effects. This work find typical CWP to RWP ratios on the order of 50:1 to 200:1, implying CWP dominates the total liquid water path (LWP) signal. When partitioning rain rates with CWP and RWP for aerosol contact and non-contact cases, statistically significant differences are found in stable environments for CWP/RWP but not for retrieved rain rates, likely owing to the 100% and larger uncertainties associated with precipitation rate retrievals. Finally, evaporation processes are investigated between drizzling virga and surface precipitation. Evaporation rates/fluxes and corresponding latent cooling rates, between surface precipitation and virga, are on the order of 2:1 implying that surface precipitation contributes the most latent cooling to the local environment. Evaporating virga, regardless, cannot be ignored when studying latent heating and cooling. The development of the 2C-RAIN database for ORACLES, and analyses presented here, pave the way for additional observation-based studies in an area where satellite measurements have limited viability.
Author: Andrew Michael Dzambo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Stratocumulus (StCu) clouds cover a majority of the Earth's subtropical oceanic basins, and play an important role in the global energy balance. Cloud and precipitation processes in StCu are complex, and aerosol effects add further complexity to the cloud-precipitation-climate paradigm, where these interactions are among the most widely uncertain processes in present-day climate models. The NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign between 2016-18 observed cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean. One of the 20+ instruments deployed during ORACLES was the Airborne Precipitation Radar - 3rd Generation (APR-3). The APR-3 collected over 18 million profiles during the three deployments. A precipitation retrieval algorithm (called 2C-RAIN) was adapted from the CloudSat 2C-RAIN-PROFILE precipitation retrieval algorithm to meet ORACLES science objectives. The majority of 2C-RAIN precipitation rates were under 0.01 mm/hr (0.25 mm/day). The sampling environments were considerably different in 2016 compared to 2017 and 2018, necessitating further investigation accounting for environmental controls. Cloud water path (CWP) retrievals were added to the 2C-RAIN algorithm. This retrieval expanded the utility of APR-3 measurements by collocating cloud and precipitation properties (namely CWP and RWP) for the investigation of aerosol indirect effects. This work find typical CWP to RWP ratios on the order of 50:1 to 200:1, implying CWP dominates the total liquid water path (LWP) signal. When partitioning rain rates with CWP and RWP for aerosol contact and non-contact cases, statistically significant differences are found in stable environments for CWP/RWP but not for retrieved rain rates, likely owing to the 100% and larger uncertainties associated with precipitation rate retrievals. Finally, evaporation processes are investigated between drizzling virga and surface precipitation. Evaporation rates/fluxes and corresponding latent cooling rates, between surface precipitation and virga, are on the order of 2:1 implying that surface precipitation contributes the most latent cooling to the local environment. Evaporating virga, regardless, cannot be ignored when studying latent heating and cooling. The development of the 2C-RAIN database for ORACLES, and analyses presented here, pave the way for additional observation-based studies in an area where satellite measurements have limited viability.
Author: Constantin Andronache Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319725831 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
This book presents current applications of remote sensing techniques for clouds and precipitation for the benefit of students, educators, and scientists. It covers ground-based systems such as weather radars and spaceborne instruments on satellites. Measurements and modeling of precipitation are at the core of weather forecasting, and long-term observations of the cloud system are vital to improving atmospheric models and climate projections. The first section of the book focuses on the use of ground-based weather radars to observe and measure precipitation and to detect and forecast storms, thunderstorms, and tornadoes. It also discusses the observation of clouds using ground-based millimeter radar. The second part of the book concentrates on spaceborne remote sensing of clouds and precipitation. It includes cases from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, using satellite radars to observe precipitation systems. Then, the focus is on global cloud observations from the ClaudSat, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), including a perspective on the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. It also addresses global atmospheric water vapor profiling for clear and cloudy conditions using microwave observations. The final part of this volume provides a perspective into advances in cloud modeling using remote sensing observations.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309314852 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 276
Book Description
The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a "last-ditch" response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques. It is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them.
Author: Constantin Andronache Publisher: ISBN: 9783319725840 Category : Clouds Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
This book presents current applications of remote sensing techniques for clouds and precipitation for the benefit of students, educators, and scientists. It covers ground-based systems such as weather radars and spaceborne instruments on satellites. Measurements and modeling of precipitation are at the core of weather forecasting, and long-term observations of the cloud system are vital to improving atmospheric models and climate projections. The first section of the book focuses on the use of ground-based weather radars to observe and measure precipitation and to detect and forecast storms, thunderstorms, and tornadoes. It also discusses the observation of clouds using ground-based millimeter radar. The second part of the book concentrates on spaceborne remote sensing of clouds and precipitation. It includes cases from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, using satellite radars to observe precipitation systems. Then, the focus is on global cloud observations from the ClaudSat, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), including a perspective on the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. It also addresses global atmospheric water vapor profiling for clear and cloudy conditions using microwave observations. The final part of this volume provides a perspective into advances in cloud modeling using remote sensing observations.
Author: M.K. Yau Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080570941 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
Covers essential parts of cloud and precipitation physics and has been extensively rewritten with over 60 new illustrations and many new and up to date references. Many current topics are covered such as mesoscale meteorology, radar cloud studies and numerical cloud modelling, and topics from the second edition, such as severe storms, precipitation processes and large scale aspects of cloud physics, have been revised. Problems are included as examples and to supplement the text.
Author: Sylvia Sullivan Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119700310 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 371
Book Description
Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts Clouds are an influential and complex element of Earth’s climate system. They evolve rapidly in time and exist over small spatial scales, but also affect global radiative balance and large-scale circulations. With more powerful models and extensive observations now at our disposal, the climate impact of clouds is receiving ever more research attention. Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts: Radiation, Circulation, and Precipitation presents an overview of our current understanding on various types of clouds and cloud systems and their multifaceted role in the radiative budget, circulation patterns, and rainfall. Volume highlights include: Interactions of aerosol with both liquid and ice clouds Surface and atmospheric cloud radiative feedbacks and effects Arctic, extratropical, and tropical clouds Cloud-circulation coupling at global, meso, and micro scales Precipitation efficiency, phase, and measurements The role of machine learning in understanding clouds and climate The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309492432 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.
Author: Andrew Michael Dzambo
Author: Andrew Michael Dzambo
Author: Constantin Andronache
Author: National Research Council
Author: Constantin Andronache
Author: A. Pier Siebesma
Author: M.K. Yau
Author: Sylvia Sullivan
Author: 
Author: Fawwaz Tayssir Ulaby
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine