Author: James Wynn Publisher: Parlor Press LLC ISBN: 1602352194 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 249
Book Description
In Evolution by the Numbers: The Origins of Mathematical Argument in Biology, James Wynn examines the confluence of science, mathematics, and rhetoric in the development of theories of evolution and heredity in the nineteenth century. Evolution by the Numbers shows how mathematical warrants become accepted sources for argument in the biological sciences and explores the importance of rhetorical strategies in persuading biologists to accept mathematical arguments.
Author: Michael P Muehlenbein Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128026936 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 584
Book Description
Basics in Human Evolution offers a broad view of evolutionary biology and medicine. The book is written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field. From evolutionary theory, to cultural evolution, this book fills gaps in the readers’ knowledge from various backgrounds and introduces them to thought leaders in human evolution research. Offers comprehensive coverage of the wide ranging field of human evolution Written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field Provides expertise from leading minds in the field Allows the reader the ability to gain exposure to various topics in one publication
Author: Jarz Laïde (nombrescomposesetpremiers.com) Publisher: Jarz Laïde ISBN: 1778092314 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 180
Book Description
This manuscript is devoted to the classification of odd numbers not multiple of 3 and 5, according to their remainders of divisions by 9. This classification, will lead us to a sub-classification of the resulting numbers, which we will call ‘classes’ I and II. A second classification based on modulo 90 will have the advantage both visual and practical, of handling these numbers easily. The first part of this work deals with the search for divisors of small composite numbers of ‘classes’ I and II, through simple and entertaining operations, using good old paper and pencil, and totally banning the use of the calculator. The second part, while remaining faithful to the use of the results of modulo 90, will introduce the notion of multiplication tables. This concept, although somewhat naïve, will prove to be a very practical tool, allowing to ‘track’ all the composite numbers I and II. The interesting consequence of this process will be the direct deduction of these mysterious numbers, which seemingly do what they want: the famous prime numbers. Far from being spoilers of all the odd numbers of ‘classes’ I and II, the latter are in fact great allies of their composite congeners. Their fundamental role is to occupy all the empty ‘cells’ that no product can fill. This very modest work, very humbly explores the depths of this magnificent ocean, nourished abundantly and ad infinitum, by the odd numbers of ‘classes’ I and II.
Author: Raymond L. Wilder Publisher: Courier Corporation ISBN: 0486490610 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
Accessible to students and relevant to specialists, this remarkable book by a prominent educator offers a unique perspective on the evolutionary development of mathematics. Rather than conducting a survey of the history or philosophy of mathematics, Raymond L. Wilder envisions mathematics as a broad cultural phenomenon. His treatment examines and illustrates how such concepts as number and length were affected by historic and social events. Starting with a brief consideration of preliminary notions, this study explores the early evolution of numbers, the evolution of geometry, and the conquest of the infinite as embodied by real numbers. A detailed look at the processes of evolution concludes with an examination of the evolutionary aspects of modern mathematics.
Author: Rasmus Nielsen Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0387277331 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 503
Book Description
In the field of molecular evolution, inferences about past evolutionary events are made using molecular data from currently living species. With the availability of genomic data from multiple related species, molecular evolution has become one of the most active and fastest growing fields of study in genomics and bioinformatics. Most studies in molecular evolution rely heavily on statistical procedures based on stochastic process modelling and advanced computational methods including high-dimensional numerical optimization and Markov Chain Monte Carlo. This book provides an overview of the statistical theory and methods used in studies of molecular evolution. It includes an introductory section suitable for readers that are new to the field, a section discussing practical methods for data analysis, and more specialized sections discussing specific models and addressing statistical issues relating to estimation and model choice. The chapters are written by the leaders of field and they will take the reader from basic introductory material to the state-of-the-art statistical methods. This book is suitable for statisticians seeking to learn more about applications in molecular evolution and molecular evolutionary biologists with an interest in learning more about the theory behind the statistical methods applied in the field. The chapters of the book assume no advanced mathematical skills beyond basic calculus, although familiarity with basic probability theory will help the reader. Most relevant statistical concepts are introduced in the book in the context of their application in molecular evolution, and the book should be accessible for most biology graduate students with an interest in quantitative methods and theory. Rasmus Nielsen received his Ph.D. form the University of California at Berkeley in 1998 and after a postdoc at Harvard University, he assumed a faculty position in Statistical Genomics at Cornell University. He is currently an Ole Rømer Fellow at the University of Copenhagen and holds a Sloan Research Fellowship. His is an associate editor of the Journal of Molecular Evolution and has published more than fifty original papers in peer-reviewed journals on the topic of this book. From the reviews: "...Overall this is a very useful book in an area of increasing importance." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society "I find Statistical Methods in Molecular Evolution very interesting and useful. It delves into problems that were considered very difficult just several years ago...the book is likely to stimulate the interest of statisticians that are unaware of this exciting field of applications. It is my hope that it will also help the 'wet lab' molecular evolutionist to better understand mathematical and statistical methods." Marek Kimmel for the Journal of the American Statistical Association, September 2006 "Who should read this book? We suggest that anyone who deals with molecular data (who does not?) and anyone who asks evolutionary questions (who should not?) ought to consult the relevant chapters in this book." Dan Graur and Dror Berel for Biometrics, September 2006 "Coalescence theory facilitates the merger of population genetics theory with phylogenetic approaches, but still, there are mostly two camps: phylogeneticists and population geneticists. Only a few people are moving freely between them. Rasmus Nielsen is certainly one of these researchers, and his work so far has merged many population genetic and phylogenetic aspects of biological research under the umbrella of molecular evolution. Although Nielsen did not contribute a chapter to his book, his work permeates all its chapters. This book gives an overview of his interests and current achievements in molecular evolution. In short, this book should be on your bookshelf." Peter Beerli for Evolution, 60(2), 2006
Author: Caleb Everett Publisher: Harvard University Press ISBN: 0674504437 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 308
Book Description
“A fascinating book.” —James Ryerson, New York Times Book Review A Smithsonian Best Science Book of the Year Winner of the PROSE Award for Best Book in Language & Linguistics Carved into our past and woven into our present, numbers shape our perceptions of the world far more than we think. In this sweeping account of how the invention of numbers sparked a revolution in human thought and culture, Caleb Everett draws on new discoveries in psychology, anthropology, and linguistics to reveal the many things made possible by numbers, from the concept of time to writing, agriculture, and commerce. Numbers are a tool, like the wheel, developed and refined over millennia. They allow us to grasp quantities precisely, but recent research confirms that they are not innate—and without numbers, we could not fully grasp quantities greater than three. Everett considers the number systems that have developed in different societies as he shares insights from his fascinating work with indigenous Amazonians. “This is bold, heady stuff... The breadth of research Everett covers is impressive, and allows him to develop a narrative that is both global and compelling... Numbers is eye-opening, even eye-popping.” —New Scientist “A powerful and convincing case for Everett’s main thesis: that numbers are neither natural nor innate to humans.” —Wall Street Journal
Author: Christian Agrillo Publisher: Frontiers E-books ISBN: 2889191435 Category : Languages : en Pages : 135
Book Description
Despite once being reserved as perhaps a unique human ability, and one reliant on language, comparative and developmental research has shown that numerical abilities predate verbal language. Human infants and several non-human species have been shown to represent numerical information in varied contexts, and the capacity to discriminate both small and large numerosities has been reported in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish. The similar performances often observed across such diverse species have led to the hypothesis that there may be shared core systems underlying number abilities of non-human species and human non-verbal numerical abilities. Thus, animal models could provide useful insight on our comprehension of numerical cognition, and in particular the evolution of non-verbal numerical abilities. Several aspects need be clarified. For instance the ontogeny of numerical competence in animals has been rarely investigated. It is unclear whether all species can represent numerical information or, on the contrary, use non-numerical continuous quantities that co-vary with number (such as cumulative surface area, density and space). In addition, the existence of a specific mechanism to process small numbers (<4), traditionally called ‘subitizing’, is highly debated. Neuro-anatomical correlates of numerical competence need also to be clarified, as well as brain lateralization of non-verbal numerical abilities. We solicit contributions in a variety of formats, from empirical research reports, to methodological, review and opinion papers that can advance our understanding on the topic. We particularly invite papers exploring the following issues: 1. Do non-human numerical abilities improve in precision across development as observed in human infants? 2. Can animals discriminate between quantities by using numerical information only? Is number a ‘last resort’ strategy adopted when no other continuous quantity is available? 3. To what extent do animals show similar numerical abilities? Do they show evidence of a subitizing-like process? 4. What kinds of things can be represented numerically by animals? What evidence is there for cross-modal numerical judgments, or judgments of sub-sets of stimuli, or perhaps even counting-like behavior in non-human species? 5. Do comparative studies help us to shed light on the neuro-anatomical correlates of number? By bringing together different studies on these issues we aim to contribute to a more complete picture of numerical competence in the absence of language.
Author: Mohamed El Bahry Publisher: ISBN: 9781520769127 Category : Languages : en Pages : 78
Book Description
History of the bookThe reason which convinced me to write this book has a very funny background.For a long time I did not know that these numbers (0123456789), which determine nearly all of our daily routines, were Arabic numbers. In Egypt, my homeland, these numbers were always portrayed as "European numbers". My first journey to Europe in the year 1977 led me to Paris (France). I went there into a mosque to pray, and I read pages from the Koran and astonishingly noticed, that the text and pages were numbered with these "European numbers".I was extremely surprised and curious to find out why the Koran was provided in another country with such foreign numbers.Many years later, approximately 1991, I visited the University of Trier in Germany to learn the German language.Then One day I picked up a mailing ticket from the post office, where upon I read a sentence, ,,the provided data and information are allowed only with Arabic numbers". I was then a little bit confused and which numbers were meant with that?Then, it became clear to me that these numbers, which we use every day and everywhere, are the original Arabic numbers.Therefore, I decided to take it upon myself to research and find the answers to my unanswered questions. How were they actually developed? Who developed, modified and designed them? Why do we still use them today?In 1997 I began to study and became a great friend of the computer science. Thus it came into my mind to start writing about and illustrating the numbers as we know them today and their logics. Now it is possible for me to explain in detail and show in beautiful diagrams the history, the logic and the Origin of the numbers.Without my efforts and research in trying to find out about the origin, appearance and the logic of the numbers written in this book, I would never come across the idea, to modify the number Ten (10), and to present a new number system. In addition, and maybe One day I could say; "I may have extended and reformed a very old numerical system"I hope that this book with its contents, techniques and descriptions will open your minds to the fascinating world of numbers, and thank everybody for taking the time to read my book."I hope you have an Interesting journey!"
Author: Kunio Iwatsuki Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 4431659188 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 330
Book Description
A modern approach to understanding the evolution and diversification of land plants, one of the most exciting areas of plant systematics. It consists of three sections - origin and diversification of primitive land plants; origin and diversification of angiosperms; speciation and mechanisms of diversification - each section corresponding to a major area in plant evolution. In each case, data from molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches are presented, backed by recent progress and new findings, together with proposals for future research. A guide to the latest in plant systematics, heightening awareness of prospective future problems.
Author: Claudio Maccone Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030519317 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 878
Book Description
This book offers a vision of how evolutionary life processes can be modelled. It presents a mathematical description that can be used not only for the full evolution of life on Earth from RNA to modern human societies, but also the possible evolution of life on exoplanets, thus leading to SETI, the current Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence. The main premise underlying this mathematical theory is that the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) can be applied as a key stochastic process to model the evolution of life. In the resulting Evo-SETI Theory, the life of any living thing (a cell, an animal, a human, a civilization of humans, or even an ET civilization) is represented by a b-lognormal, i.e., a lognormal probability density function starting at a precise instant (b, birth) then increasing up to a peak time, then decreasing to senility time and then continuing as a straight line down to the time of death. Using this theory, Claudio Maccone arrives at remarkable hypotheses on the development of life and civilizations, the possibility of extraterrestrial life, and when computers will take over the reins from us humans (Singularity). The book develops the mathematical Evo-SETI Theory by integrating a set of articles that the author has published in various journals on Astrobiology and Astronautical Research.
Author: James Wynn
Author: Michael P Muehlenbein
Author: Jarz Laïde (nombrescomposesetpremiers.com)
Author: Raymond L. Wilder
Author: Rasmus Nielsen
Author: Caleb Everett
Author: Christian Agrillo
Author: Mohamed El Bahry
Author: Kunio Iwatsuki
Author: Claudio Maccone