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Author: Paul N. Edwards Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 9780262550284 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 468
Book Description
The Closed World offers a radically new alternative to the canonical histories of computers and cognitive science. Arguing that we can make sense of computers as tools only when we simultaneously grasp their roles as metaphors and political icons, Paul Edwards shows how Cold War social and cultural contexts shaped emerging computer technology--and were transformed, in turn, by information machines. The Closed World explores three apparently disparate histories--the history of American global power, the history of computing machines, and the history of subjectivity in science and culture--through the lens of the American political imagination. In the process, it reveals intimate links between the military projects of the Cold War, the evolution of digital computers, and the origins of cybernetics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence. Edwards begins by describing the emergence of a "closed-world discourse" of global surveillance and control through high-technology military power. The Cold War political goal of "containment" led to the SAGE continental air defense system, Rand Corporation studies of nuclear strategy, and the advanced technologies of the Vietnam War. These and other centralized, computerized military command and control projects--for containing world-scale conflicts--helped closed-world discourse dominate Cold War political decisions. Their apotheosis was the Reagan-era plan for a " Star Wars" space-based ballistic missile defense. Edwards then shows how these military projects helped computers become axial metaphors in psychological theory. Analyzing the Macy Conferences on cybernetics, the Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, and the early history of artificial intelligence, he describes the formation of a "cyborg discourse." By constructing both human minds and artificial intelligences as information machines, cyborg discourse assisted in integrating people into the hyper-complex technological systems of the closed world. Finally, Edwards explores the cyborg as political identity in science fiction--from the disembodied, panoptic AI of 2001: A Space Odyssey, to the mechanical robots of Star Wars and the engineered biological androids of Blade Runner--where Information Age culture and subjectivity were both reflected and constructed. Inside Technology series
Author: Paul N. Edwards Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 9780262550284 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 468
Book Description
The Closed World offers a radically new alternative to the canonical histories of computers and cognitive science. Arguing that we can make sense of computers as tools only when we simultaneously grasp their roles as metaphors and political icons, Paul Edwards shows how Cold War social and cultural contexts shaped emerging computer technology--and were transformed, in turn, by information machines. The Closed World explores three apparently disparate histories--the history of American global power, the history of computing machines, and the history of subjectivity in science and culture--through the lens of the American political imagination. In the process, it reveals intimate links between the military projects of the Cold War, the evolution of digital computers, and the origins of cybernetics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence. Edwards begins by describing the emergence of a "closed-world discourse" of global surveillance and control through high-technology military power. The Cold War political goal of "containment" led to the SAGE continental air defense system, Rand Corporation studies of nuclear strategy, and the advanced technologies of the Vietnam War. These and other centralized, computerized military command and control projects--for containing world-scale conflicts--helped closed-world discourse dominate Cold War political decisions. Their apotheosis was the Reagan-era plan for a " Star Wars" space-based ballistic missile defense. Edwards then shows how these military projects helped computers become axial metaphors in psychological theory. Analyzing the Macy Conferences on cybernetics, the Harvard Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, and the early history of artificial intelligence, he describes the formation of a "cyborg discourse." By constructing both human minds and artificial intelligences as information machines, cyborg discourse assisted in integrating people into the hyper-complex technological systems of the closed world. Finally, Edwards explores the cyborg as political identity in science fiction--from the disembodied, panoptic AI of 2001: A Space Odyssey, to the mechanical robots of Star Wars and the engineered biological androids of Blade Runner--where Information Age culture and subjectivity were both reflected and constructed. Inside Technology series
Author: Fouad Sabry Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable ISBN: Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
What Is Closed World Assumption In a formal system of logic that is used for the representation of knowledge, the closed-world assumption (often abbreviated as CWA) is the supposition that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, the inverse of this is true, which is that which cannot currently be verified as being accurate. Raymond Reiter is the author of a logical formalization of this assumption that bears the same name as this assumption. The open-world assumption (OWA), which holds that a lack of knowledge does not automatically entail that something is untrue, is the hypothesis that directly contradicts the closed-world hypothesis. The interpretation of the real semantics of a conceptual statement with the same notations of ideas is determined by the decisions made regarding CWA versus OWA. In most cases, a good formalization of natural language semantics is going to need an explicit revelation of whether the implicit logical underpinnings are based on CWA or OWA. This is because CWA and OWA are two distinct schools of logical thought. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Closed-world assumption Chapter 2: Frame problem Chapter 3: Propositional calculus Chapter 4: Inductive logic programming Chapter 5: Contradiction Chapter 6: Intuitionistic logic Chapter 7: Paraconsistent logic Chapter 8: Default logic Chapter 9: Method of analytic tableaux Chapter 10: Belief revision (II) Answering the public top questions about closed world assumption. (III) Real world examples for the usage of closed world assumption in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of closed world assumption' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of closed world assumption.
Author: Paul N. Edwards
Author: Paul N. Edwards
Author: Alexandre Koyré
Author: Fouad Sabry
Author: Paul N. Edwards
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