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Author: Mathieu Maheu-Giroux Publisher: ISBN: Category : HIV (Viruses) Languages : en Pages : 61
Book Description
The DHS Program has supported the conduct of numerous large-scale HIV seroprevalence surveys. Some of these surveys used a testing strategy based on enzyme-immunoassays (EIA) and recent concerns were raised that this algorithm could have led to overestimation of HIV prevalence. The present report investigated the impact of potential misclassification of samples on HIV prevalence estimates for 23 surveys conducted from 2010-2014. Along with visual inspection of laboratory results, we examined how accounting for potential misclassification of HIV status through Bayesian latent class models affected prevalence estimates. Two types of Bayesian models were specified: one that only uses the individual dichotomous test results and a continuous model that makes use of the quantitative information of the EIA (i.e., their signal-to-cutoff values). Overall, we found that adjusted prevalence estimates roughly matched the surveys' original results, with overlapping uncertainty intervals, suggesting that misclassification of HIV status should not affect prevalence estimates in most surveys. Our analyses did, however, suggest that two surveys may be problematic; the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 and the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14, where prevalence could have been overestimated - the magnitude of which remains difficult to ascertain. Interpreting results from the Uganda survey is made difficult by the lack of internal quality control and potential violation of the multivariate normality assumption of the continuous Bayesian latent class model. In conclusion, despite limitations of our latent class models, our analyses suggest that prevalence estimates from most reviewed surveys are not overwhelmingly affected by sample misclassification.
Author: Mathieu Maheu-Giroux Publisher: ISBN: Category : HIV (Viruses) Languages : en Pages : 61
Book Description
The DHS Program has supported the conduct of numerous large-scale HIV seroprevalence surveys. Some of these surveys used a testing strategy based on enzyme-immunoassays (EIA) and recent concerns were raised that this algorithm could have led to overestimation of HIV prevalence. The present report investigated the impact of potential misclassification of samples on HIV prevalence estimates for 23 surveys conducted from 2010-2014. Along with visual inspection of laboratory results, we examined how accounting for potential misclassification of HIV status through Bayesian latent class models affected prevalence estimates. Two types of Bayesian models were specified: one that only uses the individual dichotomous test results and a continuous model that makes use of the quantitative information of the EIA (i.e., their signal-to-cutoff values). Overall, we found that adjusted prevalence estimates roughly matched the surveys' original results, with overlapping uncertainty intervals, suggesting that misclassification of HIV status should not affect prevalence estimates in most surveys. Our analyses did, however, suggest that two surveys may be problematic; the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 and the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14, where prevalence could have been overestimated - the magnitude of which remains difficult to ascertain. Interpreting results from the Uganda survey is made difficult by the lack of internal quality control and potential violation of the multivariate normality assumption of the continuous Bayesian latent class model. In conclusion, despite limitations of our latent class models, our analyses suggest that prevalence estimates from most reviewed surveys are not overwhelmingly affected by sample misclassification.
Author: D. M. Basavarajaiah Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811501513 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
This book presents models describing HIV transmission rates at population level, discussing the main statistical methods and analytical interventions. It also assesses the practical applicability of the various modelling techniques, offering readers insights into what methods are available and, more importantly, when they should be used to address HIV transmission at global level. The book includes realistic simulation models fitted to clarify the rate of HIV mother-to-child transmission (HIV MTCT), and substantiates the conclusions that can be drawn as well as the appropriate time for making global-level clinical decisions concerning people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs). Intended for students, academics and researchers, the book offers more than just an introduction to the topic – it also features in-depth, yet easy-to-understand, descriptions of a new mathematical/statistical HIV mother-to-child transmission model, making it a useful resource for clinicians, public health workers and policymakers involved in implementing HIV-prevention programmes at national /global level.
Author: Holly Strand Publisher: ISBN: Category : Biodiversity Languages : en Pages : 208
Book Description
"This sourcebook is intended to assist environmental managers and others who work with indicators in pursuing appropriate methods for indicator testing and production, and to offer some guidance to those responsible for the interpretation of indicators and implementation of decisions based on them. Upon reading this document, technical advisers, environmental policy makers, and remote sensing lab directors and project managers should be able to identify specific, relevant uses of remote sensing data for biodiversity monitoring and indicator development related to the CBD." --p. 8.
Author: Ebbing Lautenbach Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1107153166 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 455
Book Description
A clear, hands-on outline of best practices for infection prevention that directly improve patient outcomes across the healthcare continuum.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309209412 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 286
Book Description
The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts that climate change may have on the indoor environment and the resulting health effects. It finds that steps taken to mitigate climate change may cause or exacerbate harmful indoor environmental conditions. The book discusses the role the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should take in informing the public, health professionals, and those in the building industry about potential risks and what can be done to address them. The study also recommends that building codes account for climate change projections; that federal agencies join to develop or refine protocols and testing standards for evaluating emissions from materials, furnishings, and appliances used in buildings; and that building weatherization efforts include consideration of health effects. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health is written primarily for the EPA and other federal agencies, organizations, and researchers with interests in public health; the environment; building design, construction, and operation; and climate issues.
Author: Antonio Cristaudo Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030022005 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 444
Book Description
This comprehensive, well-illustrated, and easily accessible book documents the latest research outcomes concerning sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and describes important advances in their prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The changes in the epidemiology and clinical aspects of STIs that have occurred over the past decade are fully explored, with special attention to core groups and patients with immunological disorders. The emerging challenges associated with particular sexually transmitted pathogens, including C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, HPV, and HIV, are identified and discussed. Readers will find detailed information on modern preventive strategies, new laboratory and diagnostic techniques, and a range of innovative treatments, including vaccines, continuous antiretroviral therapy, and new drugs against hepatitis viruses. Attention is also drawn to new directions in biomedical research that promise clinical benefits for the patients and communities. The combination of a detailed clinical and research approach, with emphasis on new knowledge and innovative aspects, ensures that the book will be of value to a wide readership comprising both clinicians and researchers.
Author: Betty Kirkwood Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: 9780632010523 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
A concise, straightforward introduction to medical statistics, this book covers all the topics which a medical student or research worker is likely to encounter in routine work. It can be used for self-teaching, as a reference text, and as a useful companion to basic courses in medical statistics. The book consists of twenty short chapters, each including worked examples, the chapter order reflecting a logical progression of practical concepts rather than a formal mathematical development.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309146283 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care. Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations.
Author: Richard Saitz Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461447798 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 253
Book Description
While there is a wealth of published information on addiction medicine, the psychological aspects of alcohol abuse, and behavioral medicine with regard to addiction, virtually none of these resources were written with the primary care provider in mind. Addressing Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Primary Care is a resource for primary care clinicians who are confronted by patients with these problems daily, and who wish to successfully address these issues in their practice. It would focus on the literature and science relevant to primary care practice and cover the range of interventions appropriate for this setting. Topics include assessment, brief counseling interventions, pharmacotherapy, referrals to both specialty care and Alcoholics Anonymous (and other self-help programs), psychiatric co-morbidity and other drug use, and other information specific to the needs of the primary care provider.
Author: Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
Author: Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
Author: D. M. Basavarajaiah
Author: Holly Strand
Author: Ebbing Lautenbach
Author: 
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Antonio Cristaudo
Author: Betty Kirkwood
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Richard Saitz