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Author: Nathalie Aminian Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, the authors examine the experiences of these two areas. There are four related results. First, East Asia had been integrating via markets long before formal agreements were in vogue in the region. Latin America, by contrast, has primarily used formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. Fourth, regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. The reason why integrating via markets first can be helpful is because this can give stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country.
Author: Nathalie Aminian Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, the authors examine the experiences of these two areas. There are four related results. First, East Asia had been integrating via markets long before formal agreements were in vogue in the region. Latin America, by contrast, has primarily used formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. Fourth, regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. The reason why integrating via markets first can be helpful is because this can give stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country.
Author: Nathalie Aminian Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: Category : Commercial policy Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, the authors examine the experiences of these two areas. There are four related results. First, East Asia had been integrating via markets long before formal agreements were in vogue in the region. Latin America, by contrast, has primarily used formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. Fourth, regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. The reason why integrating via markets first can be helpful is because this can give stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country.
Author: María Belén Olmos Giupponi Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 1509904514 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 448
Book Description
This monograph offers the first systematic overview of the protection of human rights in trade agreements in the Americas. Traditionally, trade agreements in the Americas were concerned with economic questions and paid little attention to human rights. However, in the wake of the 'new regionalism', which emerged at the end of the last century, more clauses addressing social issues such as labour rights and environmental standards were inserted in trade agreements. As economic integration increased, a framework for the protection of human rights evolved. This book argues that this framework allows for human rights protection on a transnational level, while constructing regional identities. Looking at the four key regional integration processes, namely the Caribbean Community, the Central American Integration System, the Andean Community of Nations and the Southern Common Market, and also at the North American Free Trade Agreement, it shows how the integration process has reached a considerable degree of consolidation. Writing on key sources in English for the first time, this book will be essential reading for all free trade and human rights scholars.
Author: Ninfa M. Fuentes-Sosa Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000520811 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 158
Book Description
Trade agreements have uncontested relevance as essential instruments governing international trade, yet little attention has been directed towards explaining differences in their content. Deep Integration in Latin American Trade Agreements analyzes the structure, nature, and characteristics of deep integration in trade agreements established by Latin American countries after the crises of 1982 and until 2020 with their regional and extra-regional partners. Ninfa M. Fuentes-Sosa argues that deep integration can be disaggregated into its institutional, operative, and horizontal dimensions (which differ regarding their functions and application level). Empirically, she demonstrates that trade provisions can be mapped, measured, and allocated into their corresponding dimension, providing an understanding of the deep integration structure in Latin America. She claims that the current structure poses challenges for deepening regionalism at a broad scale. Countries working on specific areas over time could diminish obstacles that have prevented them from achieving deeper trade integration. Providing an operational definition and measures of deep integration, this book will be of great interest to scholars, graduate students, and policymakers working in the field of international political economy, trade, and trade politics.
Author: R. Upendra Das Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 981437461X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 253
Book Description
The Asia-Pacific region has emerged as a dominant player in trade and will continue to be an influential pole of world trade and economics, with the center of gravity shifting to this region. This book presents analytical insights into the various regional and bilateral trade agreements (RTAs) and their beneficial effects on bilateral trade and development. It provides an incisive analysis and a roundup of all major RTAs and also presents an overview of all major agreements between the countries involved, which might propel their trade flows and influence future economic engagements. The book in a novel way also discusses possible obstacles that are encountered during the implementation of RTAs and circumvention routes, once those taken into account could ensure the successful execution of the agreements. The book dwells on the issue of regionalism and multilateralism with reference to General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs and World Trade Organisation, which have revolutionized the trade dynamics by opening up new areas of trade-rules and formulating specific policy guidelines for the member countries to adhere to during trade negotiations. The book also provides new insights into some of the issues of negotiations such as sensitive lists, trade and investment cooperation, including trade in services, rules of origin, non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping etc. The book also focuses on policy instruments that could convert trade gains to development gains. The existing economic cooperation arrangements in the region as well as those that are at various stages of study and negotiations, empirical insights and policy suggestions are elucidated in detail.
Author: Paolo Giordano Publisher: IDB ISBN: 1597820040 Category : Caribbean Area Languages : en Pages : 276
Book Description
Regional integration and territorial development in Latin America / Paolo Giordano, Francesco Lanzafame, and Jörg Meyer-Stamer -- Free trade agreements and asymmetries : proposals to foster gains from trade / Inés Bustillo and José Antonio Ocampo -- Comparative integration patterns : transatlantic lessons / Raúl Hinojosa-Ojeda -- Compensating asymmetries in regional integration agreements : lessons from Mercosur / Roberto Bouzas -- Differential regional competitiveness : opportunities and constraints / Ann Markusen and Clélio Campolina Diniz -- The regional challenge : European and Latin American experiences / Francisco Xabier Albistur Marin -- Globalization and local policy implementation : the challenge to practitioners / Greg Clark -- Local economic development : what makes makes it difficult, what makes it work / Jörg Meyer-Stamer.
Author: Bernard M. Hoekman Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: Category : Bilateral Free Trade Agreement Languages : en Pages : 44
Book Description
Abstract: May 1999 - Preferential trade agreements that are limited to the elimination of tariffs for merchandise trade flows are of limited value at best and may be as easily welfare-reducing as welfare-enhancing. It is important that preferential trade agreements go beyond eliminating tariffs and quotas to eliminating regulatory and red tape costs and opening up service markets to foreign competition. Deep integration-explicit government actions to reduce the market-segmenting effect of domestic regulatory policies through coordination and cooperation-is becoming a major dimension of some regional integration agreements, led by the European Union. Health and safety regulations, competition laws, licensing and certification regimes, and administrative procedures such as customs clearance can affect trade (in ways analogous to nontariff barriers) even though their underlying intent may not be to discriminate against foreign suppliers of goods and services. Whether preferential trade agreements (PTAs) can be justified in a multilateral trading system depends on the extent to which formal intergovernmental agreements are technically necessary to achieve the deep integration needed to make markets more contestable. The more need for formal cooperation, the stronger the case for regional integration. Whether PTAs are justified regionally also depends on whether efforts to reduce market segmentation are applied on a nondiscriminatory basis. If innovations to reduce transaction or market access costs extend to both members and nonmembers of a PTA, regionalism as an instrument of trade and investment becomes more attractive. Using a standard competitive general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy, Hoekman and Konan find that the static welfare impact of a deep free trade agreement is far greater than the impact that can be expected from a classic shallow agreement. Under some scenarios, welfare may increase by more than 10 percent of GDP, compared with close to zero under a shallow agreement. Given Egypt's highly diversified trading patterns, a shallow PTA with the European Union could be merely diversionary, leading to a small decline in welfare. Egypt already has duty-free access to the European Union for manufactures, so the loss in tariff revenues incurred would outweigh any new trade created. Large gains in welfare from the PTA are conditional on eliminating regulatory barriers and red tape-in which case welfare gains may be substantial: 4 to 20 percent growth in real GNP. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze regional integration agreements. The authors may be contacted at bhoekman@@worldbank.org or konan@@hawaii.edu.
Author: Wolf Seiler Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3638821242 Category : Foreign trade regulation Languages : en Pages : 56
Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,3, LMU Munich, course: Regionalisierung der internationalen Handelsordnung?, 38 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The two regional trading agreements NAFTA and EU differ greatly, not only in their economic but also political approaches to regional integration. The paper describes the differences in the two regional trading agreements starting with the respective institutions and their structures. After that follows an analysis of indicators of their economic integration that will in a next step allow us to assess and compare them. This general assesment is followed by a more detailed comparison of how poorer members of NAFTA and EU, namely the cohesion countries in the EU and Mexico in NAFTA, have profited from the regional economic integration drives. Concluding remarks are given on positive and negative integration in both regional agreements.
Author: Nathalie Aminian
Author: Nathalie Aminian
Author: Nathalie Aminian
Author: Nathalie Aminian
Author: María Belén Olmos Giupponi
Author: Ninfa M. Fuentes-Sosa
Author: R. Upendra Das
Author: Paolo Giordano
Author: Bernard M. Hoekman
Author: Wolf Seiler
Author: Dieter Cassel