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Author: Kari Alho Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400903472 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
European integration has come a long way since the fIrst steps in the aftermath of the Second World War. At that time, the neutral European countries chose to stay outside the European Economic Community. Those countries that wanted less ambitious cooperation formed the European Free Trade Association. Increasing trade dependence between the two groupings was institutionalised when they signed free-trade agreements with each other, creating thus a wider European free-trade area in manufactures. The strong push towards deepening integration among EC countries, manifested in the Single European Act in 1985, and the dismantling of non-tariff barriers to trade and factor flows in the EC by 1993, made it necessary for EFTA countries to secure access on equal conditions to their most important export market and thus prevent trade diversion. The ensuing agreement on the European Economic Area responded to these demands, but did not resolve the apparent asymmetry in EEA decision-making. This emanated from the supremacy ofEC legislation over EEA rules, thus making EFTA countries passively adjust to EC norms. Consequently, Finland applied for membership in the EC in March 1992, with effect from 1995. The latest phase in the integration process, the Treaty on European Union, has an aim to further deepening, e. g. the formation of the economic and monetary union by 1999.
Author: Kari Alho Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400903472 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
European integration has come a long way since the fIrst steps in the aftermath of the Second World War. At that time, the neutral European countries chose to stay outside the European Economic Community. Those countries that wanted less ambitious cooperation formed the European Free Trade Association. Increasing trade dependence between the two groupings was institutionalised when they signed free-trade agreements with each other, creating thus a wider European free-trade area in manufactures. The strong push towards deepening integration among EC countries, manifested in the Single European Act in 1985, and the dismantling of non-tariff barriers to trade and factor flows in the EC by 1993, made it necessary for EFTA countries to secure access on equal conditions to their most important export market and thus prevent trade diversion. The ensuing agreement on the European Economic Area responded to these demands, but did not resolve the apparent asymmetry in EEA decision-making. This emanated from the supremacy ofEC legislation over EEA rules, thus making EFTA countries passively adjust to EC norms. Consequently, Finland applied for membership in the EC in March 1992, with effect from 1995. The latest phase in the integration process, the Treaty on European Union, has an aim to further deepening, e. g. the formation of the economic and monetary union by 1999.
Author: Helena Hannula Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN: 9780754645610 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 400
Book Description
Estonia is regarded by many as one of the most hopeful cases for the integration of eastern Europe into the enlarged European Union. It provides positive examples of how the integration process can be well handled, but at the same time some of the contentious issues this can give rise to. This book assesses the tensions involved in the development of the Estonian economy in terms of growth, convergence, financial development, labour reallocation, structural and organizational change, and the role of foreign companies and international networks. The analysis of Estonia is placed within a broader context and among a wider set of nations, and thus aims at understanding the potential for growth and structural change in the eastern part of the enlarged EU. In these and related fields, the book seeks to draw lessons from Estonia for other new (and indeed future) EU accession countries.
Author: Tapio Raunio Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 9780714653754 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
With a focus on governmental institutions, this book explores the ways in which EU membership has altered the balance of power among key political actors. The authors discuss cultural adaptation to integration, as well as examining the views of the elite and voters. The transformation in national identity, sovereignty and neutrality are also examined.
Author: Alla Leukavets Publisher: Ibidem Press ISBN: 9783838212470 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Belarus and Ukraine received proposals of integration from both the EU and Russia. Alla Leukavets analyzes how the simultaneity of European and Eurasian integration challenged the two countries to make a major strategic choice. The study sheds light on the reasons for and genesis of the Ukraine crisis.
Author: Kimmo Halme Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 1464801959 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 185
Book Description
Finland has transformed itself from an agriculture-based economy into one of the leading knowledge-based economies. Aiming to provide valuable lessons for other countries, the book presents key policies, elements, initiatives and decisions behind Finland s transformation into the Knowledge Economy of today.
Author: Pál Bődy Publisher: LIT Verlag Münster ISBN: 3643912439 Category : Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
The present study examines the question how the Austrian experience made and continues to make an impact on the economic “catch-up” policies of Hungary and other neighboring states. The author gives special attention to the social-economic transformation of Austria leading to EU-membership and advanced R&D policies, then presents the conceptions of Hungarian economists and commentators on reaching the economic standards of Austria. He also discusses the parallel experiences of Finland.
Author: Veronica Federico Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030672840 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 264
Book Description
This open access book discusses how, and to what extent, the legal and institutional regimes and the socio-cultural environments of a range of European countries (the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and the UK), in the framework of EU laws and policies, have a beneficial or negative impact on the effective capacity of these countries to integrate migrants, refugees and asylum seekers into their labour markets. The analysis builds on the understanding of socio-cultural, institutional and legal factors as “barriers” or “enablers”; elements that may facilitate or obstruct the integration processes. The book examines the two dimensions of integration being access to the labour market (which, translated into a rights language means the right to work) with its corollaries (recognition of qualifications, vocational training, etc.), and non-discriminatory working conditions (which, translated into a rights language means right to both formal and substantial equality) and its corollaries of benefits and duties deriving from joining the labour market. It thereby offers a novel approach to labour market integration and migration/asylum issues given its focus on legal aspects, which includes most recent policy changes and legal decisions (including litigation cases). The robust, evidence-based and comparative research illustrated in the book provides academics and students, but also practitioners and policy makers, with up to date knowledge that will likely impact positively on policy changes needed to better address integration conundrums.
Author: Kari Alho
Author: Kari Alho
Author: Kari Alho
Author: Helena Hannula
Author: Tapio Raunio
Author: 
Author: Alla Leukavets
Author: Kimmo Halme
Author: Pál Bődy
Author: 
Author: Veronica Federico