Manual for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and selecting appropriate interventions PDF Download

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240051082
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 70

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Book Description
Vector-borne diseases are major causes of sickness, disability and death worldwide. These diseases are caused by parasites, bacteria or viruses transmitted by various vectors, including mosquitoes, sandflies, fleas, ticks, lice and others. Insecticides form an essential part of vector control, the most widely used and effective strategy to reduce the burden of these diseases. Knowledge of vector resistance to insecticides is therefore crucial for the selection of effective vector control interventions. This document provides guidance on how to assess insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and is aimed at field entomologists and biologists within ministries of health or partner institutions. It is also directed at programme managers and others in charge of designing and implementing vector control strategies who need to draw on resistance data to inform their decisions. Lastly, it can help researchers and the pesticide industry to assess, in a standardized way, vector resistance to compounds used in existing and new vector control products. It supersedes the “Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes, 2nd ed.” published in 2016.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240064419
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 62

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Book Description
The document presents outcome of a WHO multi-centre study (2020–2022) performed by eight laboratories in different WHO regions and the WHO expert consultations that made recommendations to WHO on insecticide discriminating concentrations (DCs) for monitoring resistance in sand fly vectors of leishmaniases. It describes use of the WHO bottle bioassay as a new method for testing susceptibility of sand flies to insecticides that are not suitable for impregnation on filter papers and makes recommendations to WHO on monitoring of insecticide resistance in field populations of sand flies. It also proposes further research to test the new DCs for sand flies in other settings and conditions and to collect evidence from the national disease control programmes and share them with WHO for further assessment and revision of the DCs if required. The current edition of the WHO manual for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and selecting appropriate interventions will be revised using the recommendations made to WHO including for the new DCs for sand flies. The report will be useful to the national vector-borne disease control programmes and the research community for resistance monitoring, and to academia, the pesticide regulatory agencies and the pesticide industry for further innovation in this area and to address the research questions. Please send your suggestions and comments to [email protected] indicating the title of the report and the relevant section and page.

Author: Sylvie Manguin
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789235502
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 454

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Book Description
Towards Malaria Elimination - A Leap Forward was started to mark the occasion for renewed commitment to end malaria transmission for good (the WHO's call for "Malaria Free World" by 2030). This book is dedicated for the benefit of researchers, scientists, program and policy managers, students and anyone interested in malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases with the goal of sharing recent information on success stories, innovative control approaches and challenges in different regions of the world. Some main issues that emerged included multidrug-resistant malaria and pandemic risk, vaccines, cross-border malaria, asymptomatic parasite reservoir, the threat of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi, insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and outdoor malaria transmission. This book is one little step forward to bring together in 17 chapters the experiences of malaria-expert researchers from five continents to present updated information on disease epidemiology and control at the national/regional level, highlighting the constraints, challenges, accomplishments and prospects of malaria elimination.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789241502801
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Integrated vector management (IVM) is a rational decision-making process for optimal use of resources for vector control. The aim of the IVM approach is to contribute to achievement of the global targets set for vector-borne disease control, by making vector control more efficient, cost-effective, ecologically sound and sustainable. Use of IVM helps vector control programs to find and use more local evidence, to integrate interventions where appropriate and to collaborate within the health sector and with other sectors, as well as with households and communities. By reorientating to IVM, vector control programs will be better able to meet the growing challenges in the control of malaria, dengue and other vector-borne diseases in the face of dwindling public sector human and financial resources. This handbook presents an operational framework to guide managers and those implementing vector-borne disease control programs in designing more efficient, cost-effective systems. As a national IVM policy and an intersectoral steering committee are essential for establishing IVM as a national strategy, the handbook begins with the policy and institutional framework for IVM. Policy analysis is a means for identifying options for policy reform and suggesting instruments for implementing policy. IVM transforms the conventional system of vector control by making it more evidence-based, integrated and participative. This may require changes in roles, responsibilities and organizational links. The transition to IVM involves both reorientation of vector-borne disease control programs and embedding IVM within local health systems. Intersectoral partnerships and collaboration at both national and local levels will result in cost savings and benefits to other health services. Other relevant sectors, such as agriculture, environment, mining, industry, public works, local government and housing, should incorporate IVM and vector control into their own activities to prevent vector proliferation and disease transmission. Planning and implementing IVM involve assessing the epidemiological and vector situation at country level, analyzing the local determinants of disease, identifying and selecting vector control methods, assessing requirements and resources and designing locally appropriate implementation strategies. Solid evidence on the cost-effectiveness of interventions and their underlying parameters and a comprehensive vector surveillance system are essential for locally appropriate decision-making. Capacity-building, in particular human resource development, is a major challenge, because the IVM strategy requires skilled staff and adequate infrastructure at central and local levels. The handbook outlines the core functions and essential competence required for IVM at central and local levels, complementing a separate set of documents containing the Core structure for training curricula on integrated vector management and associated training materials. Like any new approach, IVM must be actively advocated and communicated in order to become established. The handbook lays out the elements and processes of IVM to enable policy-makers, donors and implementing partners to use it for vector-borne disease control. During the period of transition and consolidation of an IVM strategy, regular feedback is required on performance and impact in order to ensure continued support. The general public must also be made aware of the strategy and participate in its implementation. The communication tools for reaching the public are the media and various types of educational interventions to increase their knowledge and skills, which should lead to behavioral change and empowerment. The final section presents a comprehensive framework for monitoring and evaluation of IVM, covering aspects discussed in the previous sections. Indicators and methods for measuring process, outcomes and impact are proposed.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241564997
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 35

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Book Description
The World Health Organization's Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016- 2030 has been developed with the aim to help countries to reduce the human suffering caused by the world's deadliest mosquito-borne disease. Adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2015 it provides comprehensive technical guidance to countries and development partners for the next 15 years emphasizing the importance of scaling up malaria responses and moving towards elimination. It also highlights the urgent need to increase investments across all interventions - including preventive measures diagnostic testing treatment and disease surveillance- as well as in harnessing innovation and expanding research. By adopting this strategy WHO Member States have endorsed the bold vision of a world free of malaria and set the ambitious new target of reducing the global malaria burden by 90% by 2030. They also agreed to strengthen health systems address emerging multi-drug and insecticide resistance and intensify national cross-border and regional efforts to scale up malaria responses to protect everyone at risk.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241549394
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 139

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Book Description
The first version of the WHO Malaria microscopy quality assurance manual (2009) was based on recommendations made at a series of informal consultations organized by WHO particularly a bi-regional meeting of the WHO regional offices for South-East Asia and the Western Pacific in April 2005 in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia followed by informal consultations held in March 2006 and February 2008 in Geneva Switzerland. Subsequently extensive consultations among international malaria experts led to consensus and preparation of the manual. This second version of the Manual is based on the recommendations of experts made at a WHO technical consultation in March 2014 in Geneva Switzerland. The aim of the meeting was to review the experiences of national malaria control programmes (NMCPs) national reference laboratories (NRLs) and technical agencies in using the Manual and country experience in order to improve systems for managing the quality of malaria microscopy. This second version takes into account the many years of experience of several agencies in the various aspects of quality assurance (QA) described in the Manual. In particular the sections on assessment of competence in malaria microscopy are based on use of this method by the WHO regional offices for South-East Asia and the Western Pacific in collaboration with the WHO Coordinating Centre for Malaria in Australia and by the WHO Regional Office for Africa in collaboration with Amref Health Africa. The section on setting up and managing an international reference malaria slide bank is based on the work of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific in collaboration with the WHO Coordinating Centre for Malaria Diagnosis in the Philippines. The section on proficiency testing for malaria microscopy is based on work in the WHO Regional Office for Africa in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa and experience in regional initiatives by Amref Health Africa. The section on slide validation is based on work by Médecins sans Frontières and the section on outreach training and supportive supervision (OTSS) is based on work by the President's Malaria Initiative Malaria Care Project Medical Care Development International and Amref Health Africa. The Manual is designed primarily to assist managers of NMCPs and general laboratory services responsible for malaria control. The information is also applicable to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and funding agencies involved in improving quality management systems for malaria microscopy. The Manual is not designed for QA of microscopy in research situations such as in clinical trials of new drugs and vaccines or for monitoring parasite drug resistance. It forms part of a series of WHO documents designed to assist countries in improving the quality of malaria diagnosis in clinical settings including the revised training manuals on Basic malaria microscopy (2010) and the Bench aids for malaria microscopy (2010).

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241547871
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 159

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Book Description
This publication is intended to contribute to prevention and control of the morbidity and mortality associated with dengue and to serve as an authoritative reference source for health workers and researchers. These guidelines are not intended to replace national guidelines but to assist in the development of national or regional guidelines. They are expected to remain valid for five years (until 2014), although developments in research could change their validity.--Publisher's description.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241549653
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 242

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Book Description
This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes. It is an extension of earlier guidance and teaching material published by the World Health Organization (WHO): Handbook for integrated vector management Monitoring and evaluation indicators for integrated vector management Guidance on policy-making for integrated vector management and Core structure for training curricula on integrated vector management. The toolkit provides the technical detail required to plan implement monitor and evaluate an IVM approach. IVM can be used when the aim is to control or eliminate vector-borne diseases and can also contribute to insecticide resistance management. This toolkit provides information on where vector-borne diseases are endemic and what interventions should be used presenting case studies on IVM as well as relevant guidance documents for reference. The diseases that are the focus of this toolkit are malaria lymphatic filariasis dengue leishmaniasis onchocerciasis human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. It also includes information on other viral diseases (Rift Valley fever West Nile fever Chikungunya yellow fever) and trachoma. If other vector-borne diseases appear in a country or area vector control with an IVM approach should be adopted as per national priorities. Malaria as one of the most important vector-borne diseases in sub-Saharan Africa is the main focus of this document. Programmes targeting other vector-borne diseases can learn from the experiences gained from malaria vector control and presented here.

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 924006771X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 4

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Book Description

Author: World Health Organization
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240074600
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 32

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Book Description
This document contains the standard operating procedure (SOP) for evaluating the susceptibility of adult sand fly vectors (Phlebotomus spp. and Lutzomyia longipalpis) to insecticides in WHO bottle bioassays. Some species of sand flies are vectors of leishmaniases. The SOP includes instructions on preparing materials, exposing sand flies, and recording and interpreting test results. This procedure should be followed to test the susceptibility of sand flies to insecticides that are unstable and/or cannot be impregnated on usual Whatman No. 1 filter papers. This SOP will fulfil the long-awaited need of vector-borne disease control programmes in health ministries in countries endemic for or at risk of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, researchers and the pesticide industry to monitor insecticide resistance in wild populations of sand fly vectors. It can be adapted to determine discriminating concentrations of new insecticide compounds with susceptible strains of sand fly vectors in laboratories.